Construct time lines with evenly spaced intervals for years, decades and centuries to show the order of significant events in Ohio history.

• Describe the earliest settlements in Ohio including those of prehistoric peoples.
• Explain the causes and effects of the frontier wars of the 1790's, including the Battle of Fallen Timbers, on American Indians in Ohio and the United States.

• Explain how Ohio progressed from territory to statehood including the terms of the Northwest Ordinance.
• Explain how canals and railroads changed settlement patterns in Ohio and Ohio's economic and political status in the United States.
• Explain the importance of inventors such as the Wright Brothers, Charles Kettering, Garrett Morgan, Granville Woods and Thomas Edison.

• Describe the cultural practices and products of various groups who have settled in Ohio over time:
  a.  The Paleo Indians, Archaic Indians, Woodland Indians (Adena and Hopewell) and Late Prehistoric Indians (Fort Ancient);
  b.  Historic Indians of Ohio (Ottawa, Wyandot, Mingo, Miami, Shawnee and Delaware).
  c.  European immigrants;
  d.  Amish and Appalachian populations;
  e.  African-Americans;
  f.  Recent immigrants from Africa, Asia and Latin America.

• Describe the impact of the expansion of European settlements on American Indians in Ohio.
• Explain the reasons people came to Ohio including:
  a.  Opportunities in agriculture, mining and manufacturing;
  b.  Family ties;
  c.  Freedom from political and religious oppression.

• Use a linear scale to measure the distance between places on a map.
• Use cardinal and intermediate directions to describe the relative location of places.
• Describe the location of Ohio relative to other states and countries.
• Use maps to identify the location of major physical and human features of Ohio including:
  a.  Lake Erie;
  b.  Rivers;
  c.  Plains;
  d.  The Appalachian Plateau;
  e,  Bordering states;
  f.  The capital city;
  g.  Other major cities.

• Describe and compare the landforms, climates, population, vegetation and economic characteristics of places and regions in Ohio.
• Identify manufacturing, agricultural, mining and forestry regions in Ohio. 
• Explain how resources, transportation and location influenced the development of cities and industries in Ohio, including major industries such as oil, steel, rubber and glass.

• Identify how environment processes (i.e., glaciation and weathering) and characteristics (landforms, bodies of water, climate, vegetation) influence human settlement and activity in Ohio. 
• Identify ways that people have affected the physical environment of Ohio including:
  a.  Use of wetlands;
  b.  Use of forests;
  c.  Building farms, towns and transportation systems;
  d.  Using fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides;
  e.  Building dams.

• Identify the productive resources needed to produce a good or service and suggest opportunity costs for the resources involved.
• Explain how the availability of productive resources in Ohio promotes specialization in the production of goods and services and leads to trade.

• Explain ways in which individuals and households obtain and use income.
• Explain why people in Ohio specialize in what they produce and then trade with others, which then increases the amount of goods and services available.
• Explain why many jobs in Ohio depend on markets in other countries and why Ohio is a market for goods and services from other countries.

• Explain major responsibilities of each of the three branches of government in Ohio:
  a.  The legislative branch, headed by the General Assembly, makes state laws;
  b.  The executive branch, headed by the governor, carries out and enforces laws made by the General Assembly;
  c.  The judicial branch, headed by the Ohio Supreme Court, interprets and applies the law.

• Explain why elections are used to select leaders and decide issues.

• Explain the purpose of a democratic constitution:
  a.  To provide a framework for a government;
  b.  To limit the power of government;
  c.  To define the authority of elected officials.
• Explain that the Ohio Constitution tells how the state government should be organized and guarantees the rights of individuals.

• Describe the ways in which citizens can promote the common good and influence their government including:
  a.  Voting;
  b.  Communicating with officials;
  c.  Participating in civic and service organizations;
  d.  Performing voluntary service.

• Explain why personal responsibilities (e.g., taking advantage of the opportunity to be educated) and civil responsibilities (e.g., obeying the law and respecting the rights of others) are important.
• Explain the importance of leadership and public service.
• Explain why characteristics such as respect for the rights of others, fairness, reliability, honesty, wisdom and courage and desirable qualities in the people citizens select as their leaders.

• Obtain information about state issues from a variety of print and electronic sources, and determine the relevance of information to a research topic:
  a.  Atlases;
  b.  Encyclopedias;
  c.  Dictionaries;
  d.  Newspapers;
  e.  Multimedia/Electronic sources.
• Use a glossary and index to locate information.
• Use primary and secondary sources to answer questions about Ohio history.
• Describe how archaeologists and historians study and interpret the past.

• Identify main ideas and supporting details from factual information.
• Distinguish between fact and opinion.
• Read and interpret pictographs, bar graphs, line graphs and tables.
• Formulate a question to focus research.

• Use problem-solving/decision-making process which includes:
  a.  Identifying a problem;
  b.  Gathering information;
  c.  Listing and considering options;
  d.  Considering advantages and disadvantages of options;
  e.  Choosing and implementing a solution;
  f.  Developing criteria for judging its effectiveness.