• Determine the meaning of unknown words using a variety of context clues, including word, sentence and paragraph clues.
• Use context clues to determine the meaning of homophones, homonyms and homographs.

• Apply the meaning of the terms synonyms and antonyms.
• Read accurately high-frequency sight words.

• Apply knowledge of individual words in unknown compound words to determine their meanings.
• Use knowledge of contractions and common abbreviations to identify whole words.
• Apply knowledge of prefixes, including un-, re-, pre- and suffixes, including -er, -est, -ful and -less to determine meaning of words.
• Decode and determine the meaning of words by using knowledge of root words and their various inflections.

• Establish a purpose for reading (e.g., to be informed, to follow directions or to be entertained).
• Predict content, events and outcomes by using chapter titles, section headers, illustrations and story topics, and support those predictions with examples from the text.
• Compare and contrast information between texts and across subject areas.
• Summarize text, sequencing information accurately and include main ideas and details as appropriate.
• Make inferences regarding events and possible outcomes from information in text.
• Create and use graphic organizers, such as Venn diagrams and webs, to demonstrate comprehension.
• Answer literal, inferential and evaluative questions to demonstrate comprehension of grade-appropriate print texts and electronic and visual media.

• Monitor own comprehension by adjusting speed to fit the purpose, or by skimming, scanning, reading on or looking back.
• Use criteria to choose independent reading materials (e.g., personal interest, knowledge of authors and genres or recommendations from others). 

Independently read books for various purposes (e.g., for enjoyment, for literary experience, to gain information or to perform a task.

• Generating writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material.
• Develop a clear main idea for writing.
• Determine a purpose and audience for writing.
• Use organizational strategies (e.g., brainstorming, lists, webs and Venn diagrams) to plan writing.

• Organize writing by providing a simple introduction, body and a clear sense of closure.
• Use a wide range of simple, compound and complex sentences.
• Create paragraphs with topic sentences and supporting sentences that are marked by indentation and are linked by transitional words and phrases.
• Use language for writing that is different from oral language, mimicking writing style of books when appropriate.
• Use available technology to compose text.
• Reread and assess writing for clarity, using a variety of methods (e.g., writer's circle or author's chair).
• Add descriptive words and details and delete extraneous information.
• Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs to clarify meaning.
• Use resources and reference materials, including dictionaries, to select more effective vocabulary.
• Writing and edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization) and identify and correct fragments and run-ons.
• Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing.

• Spell multi-syllabic words correctly.
• Spell all familiar high-frequency words, words with short vowels and common endings correctly.
• Spell contractions, compounds and homonyms (e.g., hair and hare) correctly.
• Use correct spelling of words with common suffixes such as -ion, -ment and -ly.
• Follow common spelling generalizations (e.g., consonant doubling, dropping e and changing y to i).
• Use resources to check spelling (e.g., a dictionary, spell check).

• Use end punctuation marks correctly.
• Use quotation marks around dialogue, commas in a series and apostrophes in contractions and possessives.
• Use correct capitalization.

• Use nouns, verbs and adjectives correctly.
• Use subjects and verbs that are in agreement.
• Use irregular plural nouns.
• Use nouns and pronouns that are in agreement.
• Use past, present and future verb tenses.
• Use possessive nouns and pronouns.
• Use conjunctions.

• Ask questions for clarification and explanation and respond to others' ideas.
• Identify the main idea, supporting details and purpose of oral presentations and visual media.
• Identify the difference between facts and opinions in presentations and visual media.

• Demonstrate an understanding of the rules of the English language.
• Select language appropriate to purpose and audience.
• Use clear diction and tone, and adjust volume and tempo to stress important ideas.
• Adjust speaking content according to the needs of the audience.

• Deliver brief informational presentations that:
• a.  presents events or ideas in logical sequence and maintain a clear focus;
  b.  demonstrate an understanding of the topic;
  c.  include relevant facts and details from multiple sources to develop a topic;
  d.  organize information, including a clear introduction, body and conclusion;
  e.  use appropriate visual materials (e.g., diagrams, charts, illustrations) and available technology; and
  f.  identify sources.
• Deliver formal and informal descriptive presentations recalling an event or personal experience that convey relevant information and descriptive details.